水产动物诱食剂的研究进展

在水产养殖中 ,很多饲料投放后未被动物采食就沉入了水底 ,不但浪费了饲料 ,而且还污染了水质和提高了饲料成本 ,而水产动物诱食剂可以缓解这些问题。     

新生仔猪肝脏发育的肝细胞生化分析

选择新生仔猪15头，分别于出生当日(0 d)、出生后3d及7d屠宰取样，制作肝脏电镜切片进行组织学分析，并测定肝脏中DNA、RNA含量及常规生化指标。结果显示：新生仔猪肝细胞中内质网、线粒体等细胞器都很丰富，而且各细胞器的结构已经发育成熟。肝脏质量在仔猪出生后1周尤其是3d内迅速增加(P＜O．01)，远远快于体重增加的速度。仔猪肝脏的蛋白质含量在生后1周也迅速增加(P＜O．01)；而肝糖原贮备在刚出生时较高，出生后迅速下降(P＜O．01)。仔猪出生后肝脏中DNA和RNA浓度的变化趋势正好相反，前者在出生后3d内明显下降(P＜O．05)，4～7d又有增加趋势，而RNA浓度以3d为最高。试验结果表明，仔猪到出生时肝细胞的结构和功能基本发育成熟。仔猪出生以后，肝脏的生长发育十分迅速，不仅肝细胞的数量快速增加，肝细胞的体积也不断增大。     

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的发病机理与营养调控

瘤胃酸中毒主要是由于饲喂大量的极易发酵的碳水化合物,引起瘤胃内酸度升高,从而导致机体功能紊乱的一种营养代谢病。发病快、病程短、病症重、死亡率高,给奶牛养殖造成严重的损失。本文主要就奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的发病机制及预防的研究进展作了简要综述。合理调配饲料,日粮中添加缓冲物质,调控瘤胃内微生物区系,加强饲养管理等手段的综合运用可有效的防止瘤胃酸中毒的发生。     

The effect of maternal obesity on fatty acid transporter expression and lipid metabolism in the full‐term placenta of lean breed swine

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of back‐fat thickness (BF), at mating of sows, on the maternal and newborn circulating lipids, expression of placental fatty acids (FA) transporters and lipid accumulation in placenta. Full‐term placentas were obtained by vaginal delivery from BFI (9–14 mm; n = 37), BFII (15–19 mm; n = 43) and BFIII (20–27 mm; n = 38) sows according to BF at mating, and frozen placental sections were analysed for fat accumulation. Blood samples were collected from the sows of day 105 pregnancy and from cord blood at delivery. mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated with real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that BFII females had significantly increased litter weight and placental efficiency, decreased maternal triglyceride (TG) and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels, decreased maternal IL‐6, TNFα and leptin levels compared to BFIII females (p < .05). BFIII sows were associated with significantly decreased newborn TG levels, increased newborn glucose, IL‐6 and TNFα levels compared to BFI or BFII sows (p < .05). BFI and BFII females had significantly decreased placental TG, NEFA and cholesterol (CHOL) contents compared to BFIII females (p < .05). Moreover, decreased CD36, FATP1, FABP4, and FABP1 mRNA and protein and FATP4 protein expression, and increased LPL activity were also observed in BFIII group compared with BFII group (p < .05). PPARγ mRNA and protein and lipogenic genes such as SREBP‐1c, ACSL1, ACCα, FAS and SCD mRNA expression were downregulated or upregulated, respectively, in the placentas of BFIII sows compared to BFI or BFII sows (p < .05). Overall, this study demonstrated that there is no advantage, in terms of litter live size, litter weight and placental FA transport and metabolism, in performing the mating of sows with BF>19 mm.     

青藏高原垂穗披碱草种质资源遗传多样性的SSR分析

采用SSR分子标记技术,对采自青藏高原的30份野生垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,1)筛选出的16对引物共获得了116个等位基因位点,92个多态性位点,多态性位点率(PPB)为79.75%,多态性信息(PIC)含量为0.063~0.325,平均值为0.188,材料间遗传相似系数(GS)介于0.692~0.976,平均值为0.828。2)聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数0.804处,30份供试材料可聚为四大类,单独聚为一类的09-214表现出与其他材料较远的亲缘关系,主成分分析结果与UPGMA结果基本一致。群体遗传结构分析显示,大部分材料的遗传背景较为单一,群体划分的结果与聚类分析的结果部分保持一致。研究显示,供试种质材料间存在较大的差异,部分材料表现出相对独立的特性,遗传多样性较丰富,可为垂穗披碱草的保护利用、新品种的选育及优良基因的挖掘提供参考依据。     

外源病毒检验用抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒特异性血清的制备与检定

为制备外源病毒检验用抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)特异性血清,对300只3~4周龄的SPF鸡进行基础免疫和加强免疫;最后一次免疫21 d后,采血并分离血清;对血清经混合、分装、冷冻、真空干燥后,进行无菌检验、外源病毒检验、剩余水分测定、中和效价测定和特异性检验。结果表明:本研究制备的抗IBV特异性血清的无菌检验、外源病毒检验和剩余水分测定结果均符合现行《中华人民共和国兽药典》规定;血清中和效价为1:800,与IBV H120种毒株的中和指数为106.3,与鸡传染性法氏囊病毒B87株、鸡新城疫病毒La Sota株、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸡痘病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒S1133株的中和指数均不大于10;通过AGP、ELISA、HI等试验,确定该血清中不含其他禽源外源病毒抗体。本研究为鸡传染性支气管炎活疫苗或毒种的外源病毒检验提供了具有良好特异性和高效价的中和用血清。     

一起未经执业兽医注册从事诊疗活动案引发的思考

2017年成都市办理的一起未经兽医执业注册而进行犬只声带切除的行政处罚案件,引发了笔者对动物诊疗机构监督执法中"动物诊疗"范畴界定、动物诊疗许可证申请对象探究、"一事不再罚"原则的适用、"责令停业诊疗活动"与"责令停产停业"区别等问题的思考。本文以法学理论和相关法律规定为基础,对成都市动物诊疗机构执法实践的疑点与难点进行分析,提出执法人员应更准确适用法律法规,并呼吁尽快建立全国执业兽医查询系统的建议。     

The evaluation of the synergetic degree of ecology economy society system of China forestry during the last decade

Ecological ravages, environmental pollution, and the developmental problems of regional ecology, economy, and society are not geographical restrictions. The synergistic development of the ecology-economy-society system in forestry was quantitatively assessed by system theory and synergistic dynamic models, illustration of the metering principle and corresponding theory, assessing and quantizing synergistic development status of ecology-economy-society system, and the orderliness of the subsystem of the last decade. The orderliness of the ecology and ecological subsystems developed unstably with an increasing trend. The eco-environment construction and eco-conservation achievement of forestry in China are effective and need to be maintained. The industry structure should be improved to promote the growth of the forestry economy. The society subsystem development is increasing but is not at a high level, which indicates that the public demand to ecological service was not satisfied. The theoretical analysis and numerical examples show that the development of the forestry system has a good development state. The synergy changes of forestry system in the 0 to 0.951 range, which is in the intermediate degree of synergy during this period. It still needs much improvement on efficiency of synergy. The orderliness and the relationship among the subsystems of forestry should be improved in future.     

滇东北4种典型筇竹林凋落物的持水性

以滇东北4种典型筇竹林为研究对象，对比分析不同类型筇竹林凋落物储量及持水性能，从而为滇东北筇竹林生态可持续经营提供理论依据和实践指导。研究结果表明，凋落物储量为人工筇竹-黄皮树混交林（7.61 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹-人工黄皮树混交林（6.61 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹-人工厚朴混交林（5.73 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹纯林（5.23 t/hm²）。凋落物最大持水量为天然筇竹-人工厚朴混交林（3.45 t/hm²） > 人工筇竹-黄皮树混交林（3.22 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹-人工黄皮树混交林（2.89 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹纯林（2.69 t/hm²）。4种类型筇竹林凋落物吸水速率均随着浸泡时间延长而逐渐趋于一致，筇竹混交林凋落物吸水速率高于筇竹纯林。凋落物的总有效拦蓄量为人工筇竹-黄皮树混交林（9.74 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹-人工厚朴混交林（8.95 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹-人工黄皮树混交林（7.73 t/hm²） > 天然筇竹纯林（6.23 t/hm²）。     

外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。